The Royal Proclamation and the Canadiens

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By Donald Fyson

The Royal Proclamation of 1763 holds an ambiguous place in debates over Quebec’s relationship with Canada. In sovereignist discourse, it is regularly evoked as a baleful reminder of British perfidy towards francophone Quebecers. The relatively benign military occupation between 1759/1760 and 1764 raised false hopes in the minds of the Canadiens (the French-descended colonists). The Royal Proclamation dashed these hopes and stamped on Canadien rights. It took away their laws and it imposed the harsh anti-Catholic measures in force in England and its colonies. It was a “chape de plomb” (a leaden weight), as an editorialist for Le Devoir put it earlier this year, or more dramatically, according to another commentator, an “arrêt de mort” (a death sentence). In contrast, in what I call the “jovialist” discourse of those who see the British Conquest of Quebec as unreservedly beneficial, the Proclamation is often barely mentioned at all. The emphasis is put on the Quebec Act, which restored Canadien law and Canadien civil rights. At best, it is suggested that by introducing English public law, the Proclamation also introduced English liberties such as habeas corpus (the right to contest unlawful imprisonment) and trial by jury.

The reality was, of course, more complex. Continue reading →

Does the Royal Proclamation apply to all Indigenous People in the Province of Quebec?

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By Denys Delâge and Jean-Pierre Sawaya

Translated by Thomas Peace

On 24 December 1763 the Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Sir William Johnson, in the name of the British King George III, publicized the Royal Proclamation of 7 October 1763. In the weeks following Johnson’s announcement a paper copy was posted in the Catholic missions along the St. Lawrence Valley. In this way, Haudenosaunee, Algonquin, Nipissing, Wendat and Mi’kmaq peoples were informed of this edict. [1] Upon receiving notice of the Proclamation, the Algonquins and Nipissings demanded and received a signed copy of the Proclamation from John Johnson, the King’s representative in Montreal (and William Johnson’s son).[2] In taking this action, these communities demonstrated their understanding of the Proclamation as a formal promise that committed the Crown and its representatives to upholding its provisions.

Even after the Proclamation was posted in their villages, doubt remained about its universal application for Indigenous people living in Quebec. Did it apply to those people who, like the Haudenosaunee around Montreal, the Abenaki near Trois Rivières, and the Wendat at Lorette, had migrated into the St. Lawrence Valley during the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries? Continue reading →

The Significance of the Royal Proclamation of 1763 in Atlantic Canada

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By John Reid

The implications of the Royal Proclamation of 1763 for the territories and adjoining waters of what was later to be known as Atlantic Canada were profound.  They were also diffuse and varied widely according to the political and physical geography of that vast area.  The Proclamation redrew the imperial political geography.  To the existing colony of Nova Scotia, it added the two large islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence that had been surrendered by France in the Treaty of Paris:  the Island of St. John (later Prince Edward Island), and Cape Breton Island.  This was a brief transition. In addition to the continuing uncertainty over the western boundary of Nova Scotia with New England, the enlarged ‘Old’ Nova Scotia of the Proclamation lasted only some six years and underwent repeated revision thereafter.  The Island of St. John became an autonomous colony in 1769, as did New Brunswick and Cape Breton Island in 1784, though Cape Breton reintegrated with Nova Scotia in 1820.  Whatever the complications, the Proclamation was a key stage in this colonial evolution. Continue reading →

Is the Royal Proclamation of 1763 a Dead Letter?

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By Brian Slattery

The Royal Proclamation is now 250 years old.  Is it still relevant today?  Arguably not.  The document was drafted in London in the spring and summer of 1763 by a handful of bureaucrats and politicians.  It was part of a project to enforce British imperial claims to a vast American territory from which France had recently withdrawn.  Most of the territory was actually controlled by independent Indigenous nations – some of them former allies and trading partners of the French, many of them hostile to the incoming English or at best suspicious.  The Proclamation was designed to allay those fears while at the same time further imperial ambitions.  In effect it was crafted to deal with a very specific situation – one that has long since passed into history. Continue reading →

The Royal Proclamation – “the Indians’ Magna Carta”?

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By J.R. Miller

Because its concluding paragraphs deal with First Nations and their lands, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 is sometimes referred to as “the Indians’ Magna Carta.” Many people regard George III’s policy for the new territories the United Kingdom had acquired following the Seven Years’ War as the guarantor of Aboriginal title law in Canada today. Its greatest champions argue that it is like the foundation of constitutional government and law in Britain, the document that the barons made King John sign in 1215.

Is the Royal Proclamation as central to Aboriginal rights in Canada as the Magna Carta is in the UK? Or have the so-called ‘Indian clauses’ of the Royal Proclamation been a dud so far as First Nations’ rights are concerned?  Have Indigenous peoples not been systematically stripped of their traditional territories by rapacious settler societies that emerged in Canada as they did in other former British colonies of settlement? Continue reading →

The politics of proclamation, the politics of commemoration

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By Tom Peace

October 7th 2013 marks the 250th year since King George III issued what is, for Canadians, the Crown’s most famous Royal Proclamation.  Over the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the English monarch released over a hundred royal proclamations.  Some of these proclamations declared war (usually against France), others – such as the Royal Proclamation of October 23rd 1759 – mandated public thanksgiving and celebration, while others focused on more local laws (lotteries in Virginia in 1621, prohibiting trade in Hudson’s Bay in 1688, establishing a post office in 1711, and mandating ‘fast days’ in England during the American Revolution). Few of these proclamations, however, carry the historical legacy of the one issued in October 1763. This morning, ActiveHistory.ca and the Robarts Centre for Canadian Studies presents a week-long series of 14 essays situating this Royal Proclamation in its historical context. Continue reading →

From foie gras to Maple Leaf Gardens: 39th Annual Heritage Toronto Awards & William Kilbourn Memorial Lecture look at what’s RIGHT with Toronto’s heritage and history scene

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Heritage Toronto awardsAs a number of recent high profile issues have made clear, preserving Toronto’s unique heritage is an ongoing effort full of challenges. However, it’s rare that we stop to celebrate all the things that are right with the city’s heritage and history scene.

On Tuesday, October 15th, Heritage Toronto takes time to do exactly that at the 39th Annual Heritage Toronto Awards & William Kilbourn Memorial Lecture. This premier event celebrates the books, short publications, media, architectural work and community heritage volunteer efforts which have made Toronto a better place today while also telling the story of its past. Councillor and Heritage Toronto Board Member Sarah Doucette says, “This event is a must-attend one for every Torontonian. It celebrates blending old and new in a way that makes our city great.”

Heritage Toronto’s flagship annual public lecture, the William Kilbourn Memorial Lecture, is also delivered at the Awards. The lecture is named for William Kilbourn, an academic, writer, politician, mentor and champion of the arts and humanities in the city.  In his memory, each year a speaker is chosen to reflect the passion and dedication to our city that he inspired. Previous speakers have included David Crombie, Adrienne Clarkson, David Mirvish, John Fulford, Ursula Franklin, Peter Oundjian, Cameron Bailey and Chief Bryan Laforme of the Mississaugas of the New Credit First Nation.

This year’s William Kilbourn Memorial Lecturer is sure to be engaging: Gail Dexter Lord, co-Founder and co-President of Lord Cultural Resources, has advised governments, museums, and other organizations in Toronto and around the world on innovative approaches to culture and heritage. Her lecture topic is “Building Heritage with Innovation.”

The 39th Annual Heritage Toronto Awards & William Kilbourn Memorial Lecture begins with a Nominees’ Reception at 6 p.m. and ends with a post-reception for all in attendance. The Awards and Lecture begin at 7:30 p.m. Both receptions are catered by Daniel et Daniel with complimentary Casa-Dea Estates Winery wine tastings. Woodcliffe Landmark Properties is proud to be Presenting Sponsor and The Restoration Council of Ontario (Carpenters’ Union Local 27 & Restoration Local 598) are proud Nominees’ Reception sponsors.

Ticket prices start at $15 and can be purchased online at performance.rcmusic.ca, by phone at (416) 408-0208, or in person at the Royal Conservatory box office.

Here are 39th Annual Heritage Toronto Awards & William Kilbourn Memorial Lecture nominee highlights: Continue reading →

Austerity, Investment and the Relative Consequences of De-Industrialization?

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Hebden Bridge, Yorkshire in 2010 (photograph by author)

Hebden Bridge, Yorkshire in 2010 (photograph by author)

By David Zylberberg

Being a historian of the Industrial Revolution who lives in the 21st century involves thinking about two worlds whose economic geography has reversed. Eighteenth and early nineteenth century industrialization was concentrated on the coalfields of northern England, central Scotland, southern Belgium and to a lesser extent northern France. Manufacturing expanded in these same regions into the twentieth century and, along with the German Rhineland, these became Europe’s industrial heartland. I cannot speak to the German case, but the steel mills, coal mines and heavy industries of the other regions declined and often disappeared in the 1970s and 1980s. Thus, I write about the economic ascendency of Yorkshire when for my entire lifetime it and similar regions have been associated with economic decline, unemployment and population loss.

Yorkshire, Hainaut and the Nord-pas-de-Calais are among the traditional industrial regions of England, France and Belgium. Inside those countries, all of them are associated with traditions of heavy industry, air pollution and the more recent effects of de-industrialization. All three regions suffered with the loss of heavy industry in the 1970s and 1980s, but their fates over the last twenty years have been quite different. These differing fortunes offer insights into the long-term effects of government investment and austerity in depressed economies. Continue reading →

History Slam Episode Twenty-Nine: Canada’s Cross-Country Train

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Podcast: Play in new window | Download

By Sean Graham

Whenever I have to fly, I generally feel like this and assume that the flight is going to end like this. As a result, when I learned that Congress this past spring was going to be held in Victoria, my initial reaction to having to confront two cross country flights in the matter of days was something like this – although I will say that being able to watch Airplane on the flight out did make the entire experience much more bearable.

It quickly dawned on me, however, that I could take advantage of being on the west coast by taking the train back to the Eastern Time zone. Often included in those ‘100 Things To Do’ lists, the train follows a northern route out of Vancouver and stops in Jasper, Edmonton, Saskatoon, and Winnipeg on its way to Toronto. I had done the trip between Saskatoon and Toronto a couple of times, but I had never done the whole route, which takes parts of five days (the train left Friday night and arrived on Tuesday morning). While the amenities were nice – the beds are surprisingly comfortable, the food is outstanding, and the inclusion of an on-board shower is critical – the opportunity to really soak in the country was what really made the trip worthwhile. From the mountains to the Prairies to the Canadian Shield, there is a chance to see the diversity of Canada’s landscapes. Continue reading →

125 Years of Stanley Park: Before and After

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By Sean Kheraj [also see Sean’s website for a version with the Before and After plugin]
stanleyparkaerialbefore1926stanleyparkaerialafter2004

 

Stanley Park, Vancouver, British Columbia, 1926 & ca. 2004. Sources: City of Vancouver Archives, Photograph Collection, Van Sc P66; Stanley Park Ecology Society, Aerial Photograph of Stanley Park, ca. 2004

 

Stanley Park has changed quite significantly since it first opened to the public in 1888. In my new book Inventing Stanley Park: An Environmental History, I explore some of the major landscape transformations of this relatively small peninsula located adjacent to downtown Vancouver. I found that the greatest landscape changes occurred after it became a public park. Aerial photography can provide some insights into those changes.

At first glance, it might appear that the park has changed very little. The peninsula is still mostly forested with a variety of conifers. Its shoreline is mainly intact. The boundary between the park and the city seems to be identical. But upon closer inspection there are several substantial landscape alterations that reveal the complicated environmental history of this urban park.

spreservoir1926spreservoir2004

 

Prospect Point

Continue reading →