Each of these datasets was built to answer a narrower question, by people who never expected their work to end up joined to others. Building a settlement typology out of them is where an LLM came in. I did not use it to generate the findings, but it facilitated my work in merging disparate community sources into one. It helped by converting them into spreadsheets, importing them into a relational database (Neo4j), filtering this database for relevant information, standardizing the data against chronological change, and then effectively and accurately querying the results to answer new questions asked of old material. A census enumerator’s tally sheet, a grain elevator inspector’s license log, and a local history society’s book were never built to talk to each other. Now they can.
In my MA thesis, I built one example of how GraphRAG can work for historians. From 20,000 early modern documents, I constructed a knowledge graph of 218,000 entities and 692,000 relationships, then tested eight retrieval systems on thirty historical questions of escalating difficulty and then grading each of them. Plain RAG scored 48.4 percent against the metrics of groundedness, completeness, accuracy, synthesis, and usefulness. The best off-the-shelf system reached only 61.6 percent, an unacceptable result for a careful historian.
Part of the reason those systems created these kinds of errors was that they were not created for historical research. However, looking at these errors from a historian’s lens allowed me to create a better solution for history. Additionally, I noticed that those systems had a tendency to repress those entities which appear only rarely in the corpus. Sometimes, the most valuable entities, the obscure people and the once-mentioned places, are the very heart of where historical discovery is found. Fixing the systemic problems, and surfacing these obscure entities, were my goals in creating my own solution.
By Amelia Palacios, Molly Blake, Jenny McBurney and Kirsten Delegard; co-founders of Save Our Signs On the corner of Sixth and Market streets in Philadelphia sits a contested site at the heart of the origin story Americans tell one another. Nearly two decades ago, this particular National Park Service (NPS) site was the focal point for heated debates about the… Read more »
Amy Swiffen, Keith Cherry, Hannah Wyile and Kris Millett This post is part of the Indian Act 150 series There is a harmful provision of the Indian Act that, until recently, has never been the object of sustained scholarly scrutiny: Section 141. In force from 1927 to 1951, this provision made it an offence for Indigenous peoples to raise funds or retain… Read more »
Daniel Sims This post is part of the Indian Act 150 series In May 2024, I attended a meeting of Parks Canada’s Indigenous Cultural Heritage Advisory Council in Sydney, British Columbia. One of our agenda items was the federal government’s commemoration of upcoming historical events, including the passage of the Indian Act in 1876. The hope was that we would tell the… Read more »
By Andrew Nurse This post is part of the Indian Act 150 series. On March 11, 2026, Saskatchewan Court of King’s Bench Justice D.E. Labach issued a summary judgement against Darryl Leroux.1 The issue was whether Leroux, a well-known authority on “self-indigenization,” had defamed Michelle Coupal, a Canada Research Chair at the University of Regina, because he suggested Coupal used a fake… Read more »
By Alisha Stranges and Elspeth H. Brown 231 Mutual St., Toronto, former site of Club Toronto and the Pussy Palace bathhouse events. Illustration by Ayo Tsalithaba. LGBTQ Oral History Digital Collaboratory (PI, Elspeth Brown), 2023. When we began the Pussy Palace Oral History Project, we faced a familiar problem in queer oral history. Conventional interviews privilege chronology and plot. They… Read more »
2022 Banner drop by tenants organised with le Syndicat des locataires autonomes de Montréal, Montreal Autonomous Tenants’ Union, (SLAM) This series looks at the different housing crises tenants have experienced across Canada from the 1900s until the present and details how they responded, successfully and unsuccessfully, through tactics of community and/or class-based direct action and structures based in grassroots direct democracy…. Read more »
By Roberta Lexier For early twentieth-century Marxists, fascism was, explains Alberto Toscano in his 2023 book, Late Fascism, “intimately linked to the prerequisites of capitalist domination.” “The instrument of the big bourgeoisie,” Robert O. Paxton suggests in The Anatomy of Fascism, its purpose: “for fighting the proletariat when the legal means available to the state proved insufficient to subdue them.” “At times… Read more »
