Repost: Trauma-Informed Teaching: Creating Classrooms that support learning

Active History is on its annual August hiatus. In honour of syllabus-writing season, we have decided to repost a selection of teaching-related articles from the past year. First up is Jo McCutcheon’s piece on trauma-informed teaching, first published on 20 February 2024. While you’re here, we also invite you complete our survey.


In recent years, teachers and heritage professionals have wrestled with the question of when and how to provide alerts about materials that students or users might find difficult to navigate. This is the first in a three-part Active History series on the subject of content warnings that elaborates the crucial processes and approaches that inform this work.

Source: Students in a classroom at Carleton University, 1961. National Film Board. Phototheque. 1971-271, TCS 01186, Library and Archives Canada.

Jo McCutcheon

…to foster an optimal learning environment, we need to pay attention to emotions and how the learner is feeling, as learning cannot take place in the absence of emotion.

Myas Imad[1]

As a researcher and teacher who has read exceedingly difficult archival material and as someone who has openly sobbed in the middle of the reading room at Library and Archives Canada after finishing a work of fiction and in a few cases, after reading government reports and documents, I came to realize how important it is to carefully consider assignments, readings, and topics covered in class and explicitly warn students in the syllabus, on lecture slides, and before discussing some of these topics about the difficult material we encounter as historians and researchers.[2] I have learned over the past several years that content warnings, and a consideration of triggers are part of a pedagogical framework that can provide a learning and teaching environment that can support all students.[3]

The process of teaching and learning is dynamic and often challenges us to carefully consider our approaches on an ongoing basis. When I reflect on some past experiences of teaching difficult material, I feel that I did not always have the framework or understanding at the time to fully support the diversity of challenges inherent in my courses, beyond the course content. Looking to other professions, I noted the work that was taking place to provide a trauma-informed approach, and I wanted to review the whole of my classes to see how I could provide an overall approach in this vein. This post is a reflection of what I have learned and what I am working on.

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We Want to Hear from You

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Active History turned 15 this year and we are taking stock of our project and its future directions. We want to hear from you! What do you like about Active History? What could be improved?

Please take a few minutes to complete this anonymous survey.

Thank you!

An employee of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics operates an IBM Document Reader, 1960. Library and Archives Canada.

Ecological Amnesia: Reflections on Historical Change and the Northern Cod Moratorium

By Andrew Nurse

On June 26th, Fisheries and Oceans Canada announced what it called the “historic decision” to end the northern cod moratorium. Its press release was, in fact, at pains to establish this decision’s supposedly historic character in a twofold sense. First, the announcement suggests that a long period in Atlantic regional history – the era of the moratorium – was at an end and a new, brighter future was about to dawn. Second, the end of the moratorium re-connected Newfoundlanders to their own past and culture. There is good reason to wonder if either of these statements is true.

The 1992 northern cod moratorium and the historical processes that led to it are among the most studied elements of Atlantic Canadian environmental and fishing history. The historical development of the Atlantic Canadian fishing industry is commemorated in museums, a heritage minute, artwork, song, and an alternative history comic book. As Sandy Hunter has noted, Newfoundland fisheries history involved an intricate interconnection to the development of trans-Atlantic colonialism. The recent Fisheries and Oceans Canada announcement is also an instance of what Michael Price has identified for the Pacific salmon fisheries as a case of ecological amnesia.

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Fortress McGill

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Signs on McGill's front gates declare "Private Property. No trespassing."

Author’s photo, 30 July 2024.

By Edward Dunsworth

Order has been restored to the campus of McGill University. Gone is the tent village, its perimeter fence adorned with a multilingual cacophony of banners decrying genocide and crying out for peace and freedom. Gone is the “Free Store,” the “Profs 4 Palestine” tent, and the video monitor screening documentaries. Gone too is the mud, everywhere and thick, and the truckload of wooden pallets cleverly laid down as sidewalks and platforms.

And gone are the dozens of young people who dared to believe that an institution of higher learning should have nothing to do with a state carrying out genocide, apartheid, and the most heinous of war crimes.

After months of legal battles, fearmongering, and handwringing, McGill’s administration finally succeeded in ending the antiwar encampment, hiring a private security firm to evict campers and a demolition crew to take down the camp on July 10, some ten weeks after it was first established.

Having restored order, McGill is anxious to ensure it is maintained. The encampment is gone, but the campus is not “back to normal.” It is transformed.

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Watching the Watchmen: A Historical Look at the Legacy of the Thunder Bay Police

By Jacob Richard

On December 2, 1920, The Globe reported in its ‘News of the Day’ that Joseph Buchie, an “Indian convict” in the Port Arthur Jail, had cleverly “locked his warder in his cell, released two others, cooked a breakfast and walked out.”[1] Buchie must have felt elated when he walked free of the prison doors; the full breakfast and two companions were a welcome bonus. Through this simple and life-changing act of resistance, Buchie successfully challenged the authority of Canada’s carceral state. But the question remains: if the watchmen aren’t watching the prisoners, who’s watching the watchmen?

“Downtown Fort William, ca. 1890s-1900s.” Photo from the Thunder Bay City Clerk’s Photograph Collection. Location: TBA P012, Accession 1991-01-170. (Public Domain)

‘Nobody’ is the answer you would get from anyone living in Thunder Bay. A little over two months ago, Indigenous leaders from Thunder Bay reiterated their 2022 call to disband the Thunder Bay Police Service (TBPS). Their justification? The countless years of systematic racism, ineptitude, and corruption that have scandalized the TBPS and cast doubt on its ability ‘to serve and protect.’

The Contemporary Problems

In 2018, the Tribunals Ontario TBPS Board Final Report painted a very grim picture: Continue reading

Shahid Bedis: Revisiting Revolutionary Moments through Public History

By Madhulagna Halder

I almost stumbled upon the account of the shahid bedis by accident in 2023, during an archival field trip. While working at the 114-year-old Rammohun Library, in Kolkata, India, I met Sunish Deb, a social worker and a former activist, who was a regular in the Library’s reading room. As we continued our chanced conversation about my doctoral research, Deb mentioned in a passing anecdote, how once, not long back, he, along with a few of his friends, went around the city, restoring dilapidated martyr memorials on a quest to breathe new life to the much overlooked history of the Naxalbari Movement and its “heroic martyrs.”

Further research led me to uncover that the story of the shahid bedis in Kolkata resurfaced in 2021.

A memorial stone celebrating the unsung martyrs, at the village of Naxalbari in West Bengal, India. This particular image is for a celebratory event marking 50 years of the movement in 2017, by the CPI (ML). Image sourced from the online archives of the CPI(ML).

The movement began when Supriyo Choudhury, a writer and a photographer, stumbled upon an almost faded out memorial stone in College Street (an arterial neighbourhood in the old part of the city) and made an appeal on Facebook for concerned friends, former activists and sympathizers to get together and start the work of restoration. Continue reading

Smoking – What’s Old is News

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By Sean Graham

This week I’m joined by Daniel Robinson, author of Cigarette Nation: Business, Health, and Canadian Smokers, 1930-1975. We discuss Daniel’s initial interest in studying smoking culture, the increase in smoking rates in the 1930s and 1940s, and the initial studies linking cigarettes to cancer in the 1950s. We also chat about the industry’s and government’s response, the social side of smoking, and the cultural significance cigarettes in Canada.

Historical Headline of the Week

Aurelia Foster, “What is the UK smoking ban, how will it work and when will it start?BBC, April 23, 2024.

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Fascism and Anti-Fascism in Italian Historical Consciousness

by Alessandro Tarsia

Having completed my PhD in Indigenous history, I recently returned to my birth nation of Italy. It had been seven years since I visited the villages in my home region of Calabria. While I’d always been aware of the debates over the place of fascism in Italian historical consciousness, I couldn’t help but feel that something was different now. The place of the fascist regime and the anti-fascist Resistance in the historical consciousness is the contested subject at the centre of the harsh Italian contemporary political debate. As one strolls along the main streets and squares of the 8000 Italian municipalities, the intense discussions held in newspapers, on television channels, and at several benches and cafeterias become palpable. Additionally, the restoration or abandonment of historical artifacts—such as defensive bunkers and the walls of public and private buildings adorned with numerous signs of the fascist regime—serves as a stark visual reminder of this ambiguous climate.

Nazi-Fascist Bunker – Capo Colonna (Italy). Alessandro Tarsia, May 29, 2024.

Walking through Italian historical centers, I noticed faded fascist-era propaganda slogans such as “To stop is to retreat” and “You cannot exalt yesterday’s sacrifice if you are not ready for tomorrow’s.” Their preservation is overseen by the Superintendencies of the Italian Ministry of Culture, which have conservative policies focused on “preserving the past as it is.” Some Superintendents occasionally allow explanatory panels and counter-history to accompany the graffiti, but most 1930s-1940s-era fascist graffiti remains prominent and unchallenged. In addition, hundreds of Nazi-fascist bunkers (part of the Italian portion of the Organisation Todt of fortified defences) sit uninterpreted on the landscape. Many are slowly becoming buried, and some are filled with garbage or used as public restrooms. But others painted with fresh graffiti by a new generation of neo-fascists seek to revive a history they have romanticized and scrubbed clean of its cruelty and hatred. But these remnants of history are increasingly potent mnemonic devices in contemporary historical consciousness. They are stark visual reminders of Italy’s ambiguous fascist climate.

“To stop is to retreat.” San Fili (Italy). Alessandro Tarsia. May 18, 2024.

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Fieldhouse of Dreams: Allen Ginsberg in Thunder Bay

Poster advertising Allen Ginsberg's reading at the Lakehead U Fieldhouse.

Poster for the Ginsberg reading, “Groove on Ginsberg,” Courtesy of the Ray Shankman Fonds, Jewish Public Library Archives, Montréal.

Gary Genosko

American poet Allen Ginsberg’s Canadian itinerary of readings throughout 1969 brought him to a number of major urban centres, including Montreal and Vancouver. For instance, at the end of October and beginning of November in Montréal, Ginsberg read at Sir George Williams University, where he was introduced by poet George Bowering; he then read at McGill University in an event sponsored by the Hillel Jewish Students Society and Debating Clubs. These readings and question and answer periods are archived online on The Allen Ginsberg Project, https://allenginsberg.org/.

However, this article concerns a visit Ginsberg made to a regional Ontario city earlier, in March of that year.  Ginsberg performed in Thunder Bay (then Port Arthur), Ontario on Friday, March, 14, 1969, singing Buddhist chants and reading from his soon to be published collection, The Fall of America, at Lakehead University (LU).  The leading idea here is to build up a small archive of materials related to this under-documented visit. This will not only assist Ginsberg scholars, but it will assist local cultural historians by filling out some elements of the event, while acknowledging Ginsberg’s own cultural and religious affiliations and the roles they played. Continue reading

School of Racism – What’s Old is News

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By Sean Graham

This week I’m joined by Catherine Larochelle, author of School of Racism: A Canadian History, 1830-1915, which is also available in French. Recorded live in Montreal, we discuss Catherine’s study of educational materials, the challenge of studying the history of schools, and the importance of exploring the history of both French and English language materials. We also chat about how colonialism influences curricula, how colonial ideas shape classroom programming, and the difficulty in confronting deeply engrained ideas.

Historical Headline of the Week

Sam Thompson and Daisy Woelk, “‘Shock and disbelief’ after Manitoba school trustee’s Indigenous comments,” Global News, April 25, 2024.

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